Glatiramer acetate inhibition of tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced RANTES expression and release from U‐251 MG human astrocytic cells

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Abstract
Glatiramer acetate is an approved drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). RANTES is a β-family chemokine that manifests chemoattractant activity for T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages implicated in the pathogenesis of MS lesions. However, the effect of glatiramer acetate on the regulation of RANTES secretion in glial cells is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that treatment of human U-251 MG astrocytic cells with glatiramer acetate blocks tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced RANTES mRNA and protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect is attributed to inhibition of transcription and a 40% decrease in transcript stability. Furthermore, our electrophoretic mobility shift assays of nuclear extracts from TNF-α-treated cells reveal an increase in DNA-binding activity specific for the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) binding site, in the 5′-flanking promoter region of the human RANTES gene, and that this increase in NF-κB binding activity is prevented by pretreatment with glatiramer acetate or the NF-κB inhibitors. These findings suggest that glatiramer acetate may exert its therapeutic effect in MS partially through inhibiting NF-κB activation and chemokine production.