Characterization of the rat glutathione S-transferase Yc2 subunit gene, GSTA5: identification of a putative antioxidant-responsive element in the 5′-flanking region of rat GSTA5 that may mediate chemoprotection against aflatoxin B1

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Abstract
We have isolated and characterized genomic DNA encoding the rat glutathione S-transferase Yc2 subunit. This protein is now referred to as rGSTA5 and is noteworthy because of its high activity towards aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide, its marked inducibility by chemoprotectors, its sex-specific regulation, and its overexpression in hepatoma and preneoplastic nodules. The rGSTA5 gene, which was isolated on two overlapping bacteriophage λ clones, is approx. 12 kb in length and, unlike other class Alpha genes described to date, it comprises six exons. The transcription start site has been identified 228 bp upstream from the ATG translational initiation codon, and is situated 51 bp downstream from a consensus TATA-box. Deletion analysis, using luciferase reporter constructs, has shown that the region between -177 bp and +65 bp from the transcriptional start site contains a functional promoter. Computer-assisted analysis of the upstream sequence has indicated the presence of an antioxidant-responsive element (ARE), and several elements thought to be required for tissue-specific expression of the enzyme. In addition, several putative oestrogen-responsive half sites were observed in both upstream and intronic sequences.