Tolerance of the Neck to Indirect Impact

Abstract
The literature has been reviewed to determine available neck tolerance criteria for indirect impact. Seven sources of information were found, along with four papers containing supporting information. Four of the seven papers contain neck load data for inertia loading of the heads of volunteers (up to AIS 1 rating), embalmed cadavers and Hybrid III dummy, during auto crash simulation tests. One reference contains crown impact peak force limits for cervical spinous process fracture (ASI 3). Two references, both related to the same study, published peak neck loads and axial force-time tolerance curves for crown impact to the Hybrid III dummy, based upon simulation of catastrophic fracture dislocation football neck injury environment. Despite the differences in the subjects and environments, there is a general coherence among the data showing increasing loads with increasing levels of injury severity.

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