Estrous cycle‐dependent histology and review of sex steroid receptor expression in dog reproductive tissues and mammary gland and associated hormone levels

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Abstract
This report describes normal histology of tissues from immature female dogs and sequential microscopic changes that occur during different stages of the estrous cycle in ovary, uterus, vagina and mammary glands. These observations are associated with a literature review of concurrent estrous cycle plasma hormone levels and expression of sex steroid receptors in these tissues. The combined review of different aspects of the estrous cycle in the dog provides readers with a comprehensive presentation and may guide investigators that are involved in testing compounds with hormonal effects in female dogs. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 2007.