The influence of Trichinella pseudospiralis infection on the behaviour of captive, nonbreeding American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

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Abstract
Trichinella pseudospiralis infections induced mild behavioral changes in the American kestrel host (Falco sparverius) within the first 5 days postinoculation, a period tht corresponds to the adult phase of the infection. However, more severe effects on mobility were precipitated as the larvae migrated and became established in the musculature. The debilitation persisted for at least 5 weeks postinoculation and involved a reduction in exercising, flying, elevated perching, and preening, and was accompanied by an increase in the frequency of walking and floor perching. Such behavioral effects, attributable to the presence of muscle larvae, may reduce the competitive fitness of infected individuals. The muscle larvae were randomly distributed among various muscle groups.