The trigeminal system in the pigeon (Columba livia) I. Projections of the Gasserian ganglion

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Abstract
The central projection of the Gasserian ganglion were investigated in the pigeon, Columba livia. Lesions were placed in the ganglion either by direct surgical exposure or stereotaxically, and following survival times of one to four days, the brains stained with the Fink-Heimer method. The main group of central axons bifurcate to from distinct ascending and descending branches, the tractus trigemini ascendens (TTA) and the tractus trigemini descendens (TTD). A smaller lateral tract also courses caudally (lTTD) separate of TTD proper to terminate in the nucleus cuneatus externus. The TTA projects topographically upon the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminus, ending in both the pars dorsalis and a smaller pars ventralis. The neurons at the point of bifurcation of the entering radix have been designated as the pars oralis of nTTD. The TTD distributes caudally to several distinct subnuclei at each level, and extends into the cervical spinal cord. Relatively discrete regions corresponding to the pars interpolaris and caudalis were recognized. The projections to the cervical cord terminate in laminae I-IV. There was no evidence of projections to the cerebellum, or contralateral PrV or TTD. There was a small projection to the contralateral cervical spinal cord. No clear evidence of a projection to the nucleus solitarius was found. The distribution of primary trigeminal axons is compared to that described in other vertebrates.