The central localization of the small and early replicating chromosomes in human diploid metaphase figures

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Abstract
Centromere-center distances are analyzed in 700 metaphase plates, which belong to four different samples. The descriptive analysis of the chromosome distribution shows that smaller, earlier replicating, gene-dense chromosomes are preferentially found near the metaphase plate center, surrounded by longer chromosomes which finish their replication rather late during S phase. This general pattern is highly constant in diploid metaphase samples and independent of sex, culture time, and number of individuals used in the sample. There is accumulating evidence that this overall distribution is not the result of technical artifacts. The metaphase plate data are complementary to the concept of an interphase nucleus structure in which late-replicating, genetically less active chromatin is accumulated at the periphery of the nucleus, while other, earlier replicating chromatin is connected with the intranuclear matrix. Although the currently available data should not be overinterpreted, an extension of the “bodyguard” hypothesis, which was suggested for C heterochromatin, provides a functional interpretation for these data: The peripherally localized, latereplicating genetic material protects the centrally localized euchromatin against mutagens, clastogens, and maybe also against viruses.