A set of electrophoretic molecular markers for strain typing and population genetic studies of Histoplasma capsulatum

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Abstract
A set of eleven biallelic and three multiallelic molecular markers have been developed to analyze populations of Histoplasma capsulatum. All markers are amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and can be readily scored using minimal amounts of template DNA. The 11 biallelic loci have polymorphic restriction endonuclease sites or small insertions or deletions which may be assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. These markers are inherited in an unambiguous manner and are ideal for assessing structure and gene flow within US populations of H. capsulatum, but are monomorphic in non‐US populations. Both length and sequence variation are present in the multiallelic loci, which can be scored by direct sequencing, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP): As they are hyper‐variable, the multiallelic loci can be used to type isolates and to assess the level of genetic variation within populations. Preliminary results indicate that the three multiallelic markers presented are sufficient to distinguish isolates at the individual level and are polymorphic in both US and non‐US populations. This collection of molecular markers will be a useful tool in population and epidemiology studies of H. capsulatum.