Carrier-frequency estimation based on the location of the spectra peak of a windowed sample of carrier plus noise

Abstract
The frequency of an unmodulated (CW) carrier frequency transmission may be estimated by identifying the location of the peak value of the spectrum of a windowed sample of T-seconds duration. The authors quantitatively evaluate the effect of window shape and length (leakage) as well as the effect of additive broad-band noise on the accuracy of this method of estimation. An interesting result is that neither elaborate `shaping' of the window, nor the use of the `least mean-squared' error method will have much advantage over the use of the spectral peak in a rectangularly windowed sample, unless the signal-to-in-band-noise ratio is of the order of 50 dB or better.

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