TACTICS OF IMPLEMENTATION.

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Abstract
This study identified implementation tactics used by managers in making planned changes by profiling 91 case studies. Analysis revealed four types of tactics, variations within these tactics, and hybrid tactics. These tactics are described and related to their success rates and conditions surrounding their use. The study found a 100 percent success rate when key executives used an intervention tactic, but observed this tactic in less than 20 percent of the cases. Both the persuasion and participation tactics had 75 percent success rates; persuasion had the highest frequency of use, 42 percent, and participation the lowest, 17 percent. Both made high demands on resources. Implementation by edicts had a 43 percent success rate and a 23 percent frequency of use. Intervention tactics and their variations were effective for all types of changes and under varying levels of time pressure and importance, suggesting that managers should use these tactics more often.

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