Mechanisms for intracellular distribution of mRNA: in situ hybridization studies in muscle

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Abstract
The intracellular distribution of mRNA in striated muscle fibers is highly ordered, as is the structural organization of the fibers' contractile apparatus. Results from in situ hybridization of muscle mRNA are reviewed in an attempt to discern the mechanisms involved in mRNA distribution and to determine its relationship to developmental, growth, and repair processes in muscle. Nonradioactively labeled complementary RNA probes allow anatomic localization of mRNA at the light and electron microscopic level. Myosin mRNA in striated muscle is concentrated around transcriptionally active nuclei, myosin mRNA is excluded by the myofibrillar mass, myosin mRNA distribution correlates with that of cytoskeletal elements, and myosin mRNA is concentrated in regions of rapid growth and repair. The even distribution of myosin mRNA along the length of myofibrils gives no indication of specific association with either the thick or thin filaments. Of the possible mechanisms directing mRNA distribution, results from in situ hybridization and other analyses support a restricted diffusion model. Diffusion of mRNA (and polysomes) is severely limited by the myofibrillar lattice. It is possible that myosin mRNA is also associated with a cytoskeletal element, which may direct the mRNA to specific intracellular locations and affect translational activity.