The Petrography of the Permian Rocks in the Southern Part of the Vale of Eden

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Abstract
I. Introduction The Permian rocks of the Vale of Eden are readily divisible into two areas contrasting in their lithology. The main part of the valley shows a development of the well-known Penrith Sandstone, but south-east of a line drawn from Dufton to Grackenthorpe this sandstone is replaced by thick breccia —the Brockrams—until near Winton, south of Brough-under-Stainmore, it almost disappears. In this southern portion of the area the Penrith Sandstone is covered by plant-bearing beds, the Hilton Plant Beds, and a magnesian limestone. To the west, the Permian rocks rest uncomformably on Lower Carboniferous strata, while to the east they are covered with apparent conformity by Triassic rocks, although locally there is evidence of overlap or even unconformity. Detached masses of Permian material are found in the broken ground along the Outer Pennine Fault near Long Fell and Kirkland. The type section in this southern area is taken, following Harkness (1862, p. 207) and Goodchild (1893), in Hilton Beck and the country on the opposite bank of the Eden. The succession here is as follows:— This general succession may be traced to the south-east as far as the River Belah, but in this distance the breccia beds thicken at the expense of the sandstones. South of the Belah section the Hilton series disappears, but at Merry Gill Viaduct, near Kirkby Stephen, a magnesian limestone, full of pebbles, occurs. The whole of the Penrith series suffers considerable diminution in thickness. To the north-west the Hilton Beck succession may be traced as

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