Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. II.—The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae)

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Abstract
Dispersion behaviour in adults of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The effect of density, temperature and moisture content on surface dispersion was studied using groups of insects in jars of 500 g. grain and vertical dispersion by using groups of insects in thin vertical plates of wheat held between two sheets of glass. The ethological basis of group behaviour was investigated by using isolated individuals.Over the range of conditions used, 1–10 per cent, of the individuals comprising the groups studied appeared on the surface of the grain. In grain at 14 per cent, moisture content, at 25°C., 3·4 per cent, of the group appeared on the surface. A greater proportion was found on the surface of grain at 9 per cent, moisture content than at higher moisture contents at all temperatures tested (15–35°C.). At all moisture contents, surface numbers were relatively high at 15°C.In grain at 14 per cent, moisture content and 25°C., individuals moved vertically and laterally at random but were more active in the evening than in the morning. In grain at 9 per cent, moisture, there was marked irritability, and at 15°C. and 14 per cent, moisture, there was continual but slow movement without any detectable diurnal pattern of activity. Activity was reduced at 30°C., and at 25°C. it was reduced in grain of 17 per cent, moisture content.The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the detection of populations, group formation and the initiation of foci of heating in patches of damp grain.