Picrotoxin Blockade of Invertebrate Glutamate‐Gated Chloride Channels: Subunit Dependence and Evidence for Binding Within the Pore

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Abstract
Glutamate‐gated chloride channels have been described in nematodes, insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. Subunits from the nematode and insect channels have been cloned and are phylogenetically related to the GABA and glycine ligand‐gated chloride channels. Ligand‐gated chloride channels are blocked with variable potency by the nonselective blocker picrotoxin. The first two subunits of the glutamate‐gated chloride channel family, GluClα and GIuClβ, were cloned from the free living nematode Caenorhabditls elegans. In this study, we analyze the blockade of these novel channels by picrotoxin. In vitro synthesized GluClα and GluClβ RNAs were injected individually or coinjected into Xenopus oocytes. The EC50 values for picrotoxin block of homomeric GluClα and GluClβ were 59 μM and 77 nM, respectively. Picrotoxin block of homomeric GluClβ channels was promoted during activation of membrane current with glutamate. In addition, recovery from picrotoxin block was faster during current activation by glutamate. A chimeric channel between the N‐terminal extracellular domain of GluClα and the C‐terminal membrane‐spanning domain of GIuClβ localized the higher affinity picrotoxin binding site to the membrane‐spanning domains of GluClβ. A point mutation within the M2 membrane‐spanning domain of GluClβ reduced picrotoxin sensitivity >10,000‐fold. We conclude that picrotoxin blocks GluCl channels by binding to a site accessible when the channel is open.