Vaccines to Prevent Viral Hepatitis

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Abstract
At least five different viruses cause hepatitis in humans. Two — hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) — are nonenveloped RNA viruses that are spread predominantly by fecal–oral transmission and cause acute self-limited disease.1,2 The others — hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) — are enveloped viruses with various tendencies to cause persistent infection, chronic hepatitis, and, in the case of HBV and HCV, hepatocellular carcinoma.35 Fecal–oral transmission does not occur with these viruses, because their lipid envelopes preclude the passage of viable virus from the liver through . . .