Population Dynamics of the Common Toad (Bufo bufo) at a Lake in Mid-Wales

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Abstract
As the population size breeding in the lake remained fairly constant at around 6300 males and 2300 females over a 4-yr period (1978-1981), it appeared to be under some form of density-dependent control. The survival rate between years was .simeq. 0.52 for males and 0.40 for females and survival appeared to be independent of age. About 3000 males and 1400 females entered the breeding population each year, the lower number of females being explained by a delay of 1 yr in maturation. This delay and the higher mortality rate of females produced a 3:1, male:female, sex ratio at the lake. Emigration to nearby breeding sites was low and individuals appeared to breed every year. There was a high level of deformities which did not appear to have a marked effect on survival. The effect of road casualties on the population was minimal.

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