Enhanced generation of intracellular Aβ42 amyloid peptide by mutation of presenilins PS1 and PS2

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Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) in the brain is a critical pathological process in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have implicated intracellular Abeta in neurodegeneration in AD. To investigate the generation of intracellular Abeta, we established human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells stably expressing wild-type amyloid precursor protein (APP), Swedish mutant APP, APP plus presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2; wild-type or familial AD-associated mutant), and quantified intracellular Abeta40 and Abeta42 in formic acid extracts by sensitive Western blotting. Levels of both intracellular Abeta40 and Abeta42 were 2-3-fold higher in cells expressing Swedish APP, compared with those expressing wild-type APP. Intracellular Abeta42/Abeta40 ratios were approximately 0.5 in these cells. These ratios were increased markedly in cells expressing mutant PS1 or PS2 compared with those expressing their wild-type counterparts, consistent with the observed changes in secreted Abeta42/Abeta40 ratios. High total levels of intracellular Abeta were observed in cells expressing mutant PS2 because of a marked elevation of Abeta42. Immunofluorescence staining additionally revealed more intense Abeta42 immunoreactivity in mutant PS2-expressing cells than in wild-type cells, which was partially colocalized with immunoreactivity for the trans-Golgi network and endosomes. The data collectively indicate that PS mutations promote the accumulation of intracellular Abeta42, which appears to be localized in multiple subcellular compartments.