Morphine Tolerance and Physical Dependence: Reversal of Opioid Inhibition to Enhancement of Cyclic AMP Formation

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Abstract
This laboratory has previously demonstrated that the μ-selective opiate receptor agonist sufentanil can produce a naloxone-reversible increase or decrease in the stimulated formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the myenteric plexus, depending on the concentration of opioid used. On the basis of these results, it was suggested that μ-opiate receptors are positively as well as negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. In the present study, the effect of chronic morphine exposure, in vivo, on the magnitude of electrically stimulated formation of cAMP and its modulation by sufentanil was investigated. In chronic morphine-treated preparations, the magnitude of electrically stimulated cAMP formation, while in the presence of an inhibitory (10−6M) concentration of sufentanil, is indistinguishable from the formation that occurs in opiate-naive preparations (in the absence of exogenous opioid). This indicates that the negative modulation of stimulated enteric cAMP formation by sufentanil manifests tolerance. Paradoxically, however, in “addicted tissue” the magnitude of the increase in cAMP formation produced by electrical stimulation in the presence of a previously inhibitory concentration of sufentanil is significantly larger than in its absence. Thus, the equivalence between the magnitude of stimulation-induced increase in cAMP formation observed in naive versus tolerant/dependent tissue, while in the presence of sufentanil, is due to the ability of an originally inhibitory concentration of opioid to enhance or facilitate stimulated formation of cAMP. It is suggested that tolerance/dependence to the opioid inhibition of stimulated cAMP formation results not only from the loss of inhibitory potency but also from its reversal to enhancement.

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