Three-Dimensional Intraoperative Stone Localization

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Abstract
The technique of three-dimensional intraoperative stone localization is based on the geometrical laws of stereoscopic photography. While the horizontal stone position is determined conventionally from the situation of the stone images in relation to the X-ray markers, the vertical stone position can be calculated from the diameter of the kidney, the projection distance between the double images of the concrements and the projection distance between the double images of the marker. A new small X-ray unit with a collimator attached to a tripod with counterbalance guarantees optimal intraoperative handling as well as constant X-ray exposure data and easy focusing.

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