An expatriate red tide bloom: Transport, distribution, and persistence

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Abstract
In November 1987, the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve bloomed in North Carolina nearshore waters. This occur rence was the first record of G. breve north of Florida, a range extension of >800 km. We propose the (Gulf of Mexico) Loop Current‐Florida Current‐Gulf Stream system as the transport mechanism for G. breve cells from a late summer bloom off the southwest coast of Florida (Charlotte Harbor‐Sarasota). The estimated transit time for cells around the peninsula and northward to the continental shelf off North Carolina is 22–54 d.About 30 d after the Charlotte Harbor‐Sarasota bloom, satellite images of sea‐surface temperature substantiated the shoreward movement of a filament of Gulf Stream water onto the narrow continental shelf between Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout. This filament, the likely source of G. breve cells, remained in nearshore waters and was identifiable in satellite images for >19 d. Once the bloom was inshore, both windspeed and direction were important in determining its distribution.

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