Risk of pancreatic cancer in relation to alcohol drinking, coffee consumption and medical history: Findings from the Japan collaborative cohort study for evaluation of cancer risk

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Abstract
We evaluated the associations of such lifestyle factors as alcohol drinking, coffee consumption and medical history with risk of death from pancreatic cancer in a large‐scale prospective cohort study [the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC study)] in Japan. Subjects were 110,792 (46,465 men and 64,327 women) inhabitants who were enrolled from 45 areas throughout Japan. At baseline, a self‐administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on lifestyle factors and medical history. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate relative risks. During the follow‐up period (mean ± SD 8.1 ± 1.8 years), 225 deaths due to pancreatic cancer were identified. Overall, neither alcohol nor coffee intake was associated with risk of death from pancreatic cancer. Heavy coffee consumption (≥4 cups/day), however, may increase the risk. Men who reported a history of diabetes mellitus and women who reported a history of gallstone/cholecystitis were at significantly (2‐fold) increased risk of death from pancreatic cancer.