THE EFFECT OF GRAVITATION ON THE PRESENTATION AND POSITION OF THE FETUS

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Abstract
The presentation of the head of the fetus at the uterine outlet, at the time of birth, is so common and offers so comparatively easy a delivery, that since the earliest times it has been called the normal presentation. The statistics collected by Schroeder,1including several hundred thousand cases, give 95 per cent. of vertex presentations, and Pinard2gives about the same figures. These findings are for all periods of pregnancy; but if full term cases alone are considered, about 97 per cent, present the occiput. About 70 per cent, of the vertex presentations occur in the left, and 30 per cent, in the right position. Naegele3first pointed out that the vertex is usually directed anteriorly in left and posteriorly in right positions, so that the presenting part is usually found at one or the other extremity of the right oblique diameter of the pelvis. The

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