Cyclic fatigue and fracture in pyrolytic carbon‐coated graphite mechanical heart‐valve prostheses: Role of small cracks in life prediction

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Abstract
A fracture‐mechanics based study has performed to characterize the fracture toughness and rates of cyclic fatiguecrack growth of incipient flaws in prosthetic heart‐valve components made of pyrolytic carbon‐coated graphite. Such data are required to predict the safe structural lifetime of mechanical heart‐valve prostheses using damagetolerant analysis. Unlike previous studies where fatiguecrack propagation data were obtained using through thickness, long cracks (∼2–20 mm long), growing in conventional (e.g., compact‐tension) samples, experiments were performed on physically small cracks (∼100–600 μm long), initiated on the surface of the pyrolytic‐carbon coating to simulate reality. Small‐crack toughness results were found to agree closely with those measured conventionally with long cracks. However, similar to well‐known observations in metal fatigue, it was found that based on the usual computations of the applied (far‐field) driving force in terms of the maximum stress intensity, Kmax, small fatigue cracks grew at rates that exceeded those of long cracks at the same applied stress intensity, and displayed a negative dependency on Kmax; moreover, they grew at applied stress intensities less than the fatigue threshold value, below which long cracks are presumed dormant. To resolve this apparent discrepancy, it is shown that long and small crack results can be normalized, provided growth rates are characterized in terms of the total (near‐tip) stress intensity (incorporating, for example, the effect of residual stress); with this achieved, in principle, either form of data can be used for life prediction of implant devices. Inspection of the long and small crack results reveals extensive scatter inherent in both forms of growth‐rate data for the pyrolytic‐carbon material. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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