PEER-REVIEWED PAPER The Design of Auditory Signals for ICU and OR Environments

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Abstract
There are five critical problem areas associated with auditory alarms in OR and ICU environments. Alarms may sound acousticallv similar or unnecessarily irritating, or have inappropriate urgency mapping. In addition, there may be a great number of false alarms, or there may be so many alarms generated in the environment that listeners can't remember them all. There have been several attempts to resolve these problems. The international communitv is developing standards on auditory warnings. Some researchers are exploring parameters that may improve listener response to alarms. Others have suggested various design changes. To be optimum, auditory alarms should be clearly audible and clearly distinguishable from other sounds, and have an appropriate level of urgency.

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