Rhizobium tropicinodulation factor sulfation is limited by the quantity of activated form of sulfate

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Abstract
Rhizobium tropici is a broad host‐range symbiont of Phaseolus vulgaris. This bacterium produces a mixture of sulfated and non‐sulfatedN‐methylated pentameric nodulation (Nod) factors. To understand the genetic bases of the partial sulfation of R. tropici Nod factors, which might be involved in the broad host‐range of this species, we introduced in R. tropici CFN299 the recombinant plasmid pGMI515 carrying a set of nodulation (nod) genes of R. meliloti, including those involved in the sulfation of R. meliloti Nod factors. The CFN299 (pGMI515) transconjugant produced only sulfated Nod factors, but approximately half of them were no moreN‐methylated. Mutations in R. meliloti nodH gene did not decrease the Nod factor sulfation whereas inactivation of the nodPQ genes restored the production of a mixture of sulfated and non‐sulfated molecules. These results suggest that the limiting step in R. tropici Nod factor sulfation is the production of activated sulfate donors. Mutations in the R. meliloti nodFEG and nodH genes did not change theN‐methylation pattern, whereas mutations in nodPQ increased the degree ofN‐methylation, suggesting a metabolic link between sulfation and methylation of R. tropici Nod factors.