Estimating the Effects of Interventions That are Deployed in Many Places

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Abstract
Place-randomized trials have been mounted in a variety of countries to estimate the relative effects of interventions that are intended to ameliorate problems or improve conditions in organizations and geopolitical jurisdictions. This article presents studies in which villages, police hot spots, housing developments, hospital units, schools, and other entities are the units of random allocation. The challenges to such work, approaches to meeting them, and the value added of such trials are outlined. The scientific value added includes better evidence on what works at the macro level. Web-oriented registers of such trials are being developed by the Campbell Collaboration.

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