Intestinal absorption and renal excretion of biotin in patients with biotinidase deficiency

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Abstract
We have investigated four patients from three unrelated families with typical clinical and biochemical features of “late-onset” multiple carboxylase deficiency. All patients suffered from biotinidase deficiency (plasma biotinidase activities 1.4%–3% of normal). Intestinal absorption of biotin, measured in three of the patients using a single load of 1.5 μg/kg, was found to be normal. Deficient activities of the mitochondrial biotin-dependent carboxylases in lymphocytes of one of these patients increased from 25% of mean basal control values to 33%–36% within 45 min and to 46%–47% within 2 h of the 1.5 μg/kg biotin load. After a high biotin load of 100 μg/kg, the values normalised within 45 min in all three patients studied. These results indicate normal cellular transport of biotin and normal holocarboxylase synthesis. After cessation of biotin supplementation, the plasma and urinary biotin in patients decreased to subnormal levels. In one patient, available for more detailed studies, both plasma and urinary biotin declined about twice as fast as in controls (apparent half-life 12–14 h in the patient and 26 h in controls). These results point to increased excretion of free biotin in our patient. Renal loss of biotin is one of the factors contributing to the high biotin requirement observed in patients with biotinidase deficiency.