Variability in human quadriceps muscles: Quantitative study and review of clinical literature

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Abstract
Knowledge of variations in normal human thigh musculature is important for the interpretation of various clinical and biomedical investigations. In this study, cross‐sections from whole thighs of 34 cadavers were analyzed qualitatively and morphometrically. Sections were cut from right and left limbs at three levels in the region often used for muscle biopsy. Measurements were made of limb circumferences and cross‐sectional areas of the three vasti and of the femur, and of the extent of overlap and fusion between the vasti on the lateral aspect of the thigh. Limb circumference proved to be a good predictor of total cross‐sectional area of the quadriceps muscle. Large individual variations were found for most measurements but especially for the amount of fusion between the muscle bellies of vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius. Significant differences were found for most variables between the three levels, but there were few differences between sides except for the cross‐sectional area of vastus lateralis which was greater on the right at the most distal level. These variations in size and form of thigh musculature should be considered when interpreting data obtained from muscle biopsy, imaging, biomechanical, electromyographic, and functional studies of the human thigh. Review of the literature on variability of quadriceps muscle and its clinical relevance showed a diversity of approaches but insufficient definitive data suitable for interpreting functional outcomes in response to exercise or following surgery. Further work is suggested combining current anatomical datasets with advanced imaging techniques capable of determining muscle fiber orientation and fiber type composition, and including 3D reconstruction. Clin. Anat. 15:116–128, 2002.