Epidemiologic Changes in Bacteremic Pneumococcal Disease in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected patients has been reported to be about 46 to 100 times greater than in the general population, and recurrences are common.1-3 The increased risk of pneumococcal infections in HIV-infected patients could be related to the deep impairment of the immune system, particularly the humoral immune response.4

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