Genetical approach to systematics and phylogeny of Trypetinae (Diptera, Tephritidae)

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Abstract
Genetic variation at 25 enzyme loci (64 alleles) has been considered in the attempt of an intra‐species analysis of Ceratitis capitata. Twenty‐seven hortologous loci (122 alleles) were selected to elucidate the relationships among Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa, Trirhithrum coffeae and Capparimya savastonoi of the Trypetinae subfamily. Two ordination approaches have been used for electrophoretic data: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis through a tree representation. At the species level, for C. capitata ordination by means of PCA enabled the geographic and seasonal intraspecific differentiation to be recognized. At higher levels of taxonomy, when applied to species and genera, PCA has been used as an alternative to cluster analysis. Nei distance and UPGMA procedure have been used in both levels of systematic ordination. For species‐genera level, genetic distances have been calculated using also Rogers, Cavalli and Edwards methods (UPGMA and Wagner procedure). The cophenetic correlation, and other measures, have been examined as measures of goodness of fit. All the trees give the same topology. C. savastanoi samples present the greatest range of distance. C. capitata appears closer to T. coffeae than to C. rosa. The disagreement between electrophroretic trees and the existing conventional systematic is discussed. Electrophoretic keys for distinguishing the immature stages of Trypetinae are proposed.