Gauge invariance of the Aharonov-Bohm effect

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Abstract
It is argued that much of the recent controversy over the Aharonov-Bohm effect has been fuelled by the widespread consideration of solenoids of infinite length: in this limit, the field and the vector potential have somewhat anomalous properties and it appears superficially that the Aharonov-Bohm phase shift can be changed by a gauge transformation. This incorrect impression is here removed by considering a solenoid of finite length and by carefully distinguishing the longitudinal and transverse parts of the vector potential. It is shown that the phase shift depends only on the transverse part of the vector potential and it cannot be changed by a gauge transformation. The nature of the difficulty that occurs in the limit of a solenoid of infinite length is examined in detail. The finite-length theory given here also provides guidelines for the design of experiments on the Aharonov-Bohm effect.

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