Hematologic and Hemostatic Complications Associated with Long‐Term Use of Total Artificial Heart: Clinical and Experimental Observations

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Abstract
The two most serious complications associated with long-term use of a total artificial heart (TAH) are thromboembolism and infection. In this article, we review our experience in one patient implanted with a pneumatic TAH for 396 days, and in 24 calves implanted with the same type of device for 70 to 353 (median 150) days. During his survival with the TAH, our patient suffered several thromboembolic episodes despite adequate anti-coagulation with warfarin. Autopsy showed widespread thrombotic lesions, mostly in the brain. Throughout his survival, the patient had markedly elevated plasma beta-thromboglobulin and fibrinopeptide A levels, indicating sustained activation of platelets and the coagulation system secondary to blood contact with the artificial surface. Long-term use of TAH in calves causes significant mechanical hemolytic anemia and a small reduction in the total leukocyte and neutrophil counts. The platelet count normalized to preimplantation levels by 25 to 35 weeks. At autopsy, thrombotic lesions and organ infarction were noted in 13 calves, and major septic complications were documented in 10 animals. Although impressive gains in the clinical and experimental use of TAH were achieved during the last 15 years, thromboembolism and infection remain challenging problems.