POSTGLACIAL COLONIZATION OF CANADA BY ITS SUBBOREAL WINTER STONEFLIES OF THE GENUS ALLOCAPNIA

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Abstract
The three boreal species of the winter stonefly genus Allocapnia, minima (Newport), pygmaea (Burmeister), and illinoensis Frison are subboreal species whose ranges include a band across eastern Canada from the western end of Lake Superior to the east coast; minima occurs also in Newfoundland. An analysis of variation in pygmaea and illinoensis suggests that during the Wisconsin glacial maximum these two species occurred south of the ice in the Cumberland Plateau region in east-central United States, and that they dispersed first northward through the Appalachians, then east and west into their present range. Geoclimatic evidence suggests that minima did not persist in Newfoundland during the glacial maximum. Its ecological similarity to pygmaea suggests that minima also persisted in the Cumberland Plateau area and dispersed in the same fashion as the other two species.

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