CT of Appendicitis in Children

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Abstract
Appendicitis is the most common condition requiring intraabdominal surgery in infancy and childhood. Yet, despite its common occurrence, accurate diagnosis remains challenging. Acute appendicitis may be missed at initial clinical examination in 28%-57% of children aged 12 years and younger and in nearly 100% of children under the age of 2 years. Diagnostic imaging has an ever-increasing role in the prompt and accurate diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the pediatric population. At the authors' institution, helical computed tomography (CT) is the primary tool for diagnosing or excluding appendicitis in children. Since its inception in 1998, helical CT with rectally administered contrast material has been shown to reduce the total number of inpatient observation days, laparotomies with negative findings, and per-patient cost. Helical CT is a highly sensitive and specific tool for diagnosing pediatric appendicitis and has resulted in a beneficial change in patient care in 68.5% of all patients seen in the authors' emergency department for suspected appendicitis. This includes both those patients who receive an eventual diagnosis of appendicitis and those who do not have the disease. Major strengths of limited helical CT with rectal contrast material include producing uniformly high published sensitivity and specificity values for diagnosis of appendicitis and enabling diagnosis of alternative conditions of acute abdominal pain in children. In contrast, limitations of graded-compression ultrasonography in children include highly operator-dependent sensitivity and specificity values and relative infrequency with which the normal appendix can be visualized in this population. Although there have been many exciting diagnostic advancements for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the pediatric population, the role of helical CT is far from clear. The purpose of this article is to describe a helical CT approach to imaging in children suspected of having acute appendicitis at a large urban pediatric teaching hospital and its effects on patient outcomes and hospital costs.