Evolution of Insect Resistance to Insecticides: A Reevaluation of the Roles of Physiology and Behavior

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Abstract
Resistance to insecticides is generally considered the result of either physiological or behavioral mechanisms. However, a reevaluation of available information indicates that behavioral and physiological resistance often coexist. A model is proposed which recognizes the fundamental continuity of behavior and physiology and posits that the degree of exclusivity of any resistance mechanism is proportional to the resistive ability of that mechanism. As such, the evolutionary divergence of mechanisms occurs only under unique conditions, and some form of behavioral resistance may generally be expected to coevolve with physiological resistance. In light of the lack of a basic understanding of behavioral resistance and the recent development of pest management strategies incorporating behavioral modification, an intensified study of the actual extent and potential impact of this phenomenon is suggested.

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