Relationship of the menstrual cycle phase to anterior cruciate ligament injuries in teenaged female athletes

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Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are more common among female athletes compared to male athletes. Several studies have been reported to explain the gender difference in ACL injury rates and several risk factors underlying gender disparity are believed to exist. Hormonal effects are considered to be one of the etiological factors for female non-contact ACL injuries. The objectives of this study were to determine if ACL injuries occurred randomly or correlated with a specific phase of the female menstrual cycle in teenaged female athletes and then to determine if pre-menstrual and menstrual dysfunctions influenced these ACL injuries.