Cell wall structure and composition in the comb built by hornets and wasps (Vespinae, hymenoptera)

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Abstract
Morphological, mineralogical, and chemical investigations were undertaken to determine the structure and composition of the cell walls of the comb in the nest of Vespa orientalis, Paravespula germanica, and Vespacrabro. Nests of V. orientalis were from three sites having different soil types, namely, Khamra soil, Gramosol soil, and organically rich soil from the city dump in Tel Aviv. Nests of P. germanica were from areas rich in organic matter, and those of V. crabro, shipped from Austria, were similarly comprised of organic matter. Structure and composition of cell walls in the three species differed; furthermore, grain size in the combs differed from that of particles in the surrounding soil.
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