Working with the Informal Helping Networks of the Elderly: The Experiences of Three Programs

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Abstract
Three demonstration projects that developed ways to strengthen the informal helping networks of elderly clients are described. The following aspects of network intervention are discussed and illustrated by these projects: assessment of client networks, possible goals of network intervention and the ability of programs to achieve them, and evaluation of interventions. Each program found barriers to intervening in networks derived from the client, the network, and the social service agency. Major barriers encountered include the client's privacy preferences and attitudes about relying on the network for help, networks that are exhausted or unsupportive, and agency structures that limit interventions. Although each program had some measure of success in strengthening social support for its clients, it does not appear that informal resources can easily and cost effectively substitute for formal services.