The substitution of steam for sail in Norwegian ocean shipping, 1866–1914. A study in the economics of diffusion

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Abstract
World shipping showed a long-term growth in output averaging approximately 3 per cent a year between 1866 and 1914.1 However, this growth was far from being even. Most of it took place within the three periods 1866–73, 1876–91 and 1905–13, while output during the periods 1873–78 and, notably, 1891–1905 clearly stagnated.2

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