The Analysis of Variance and Covariance Techniques in Relation to the Conventional Formulas for the Standard Error of a Difference

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Abstract
In this paper it is demonstrated that the analysis of variance techniques yield results equivalent to the calculation of t by means of expressions based on the short or the long formula. It is also shown that the covariance technique gives results equivalent to those obtained by means of the formula for t which should be used with matched groups. The conditions necessary for equivalent results are such that the conventional formulas for t would normally be used rather than the variance or covariance techniques. However, a knowledge of the relationships described in this paper should contribute to one's understanding of the variance and covariance techniques.

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