Zinc biosensing with multiphoton excitation using carbonic anhydrase and improved fluorophores

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Abstract
Previously, we had shown that the zinc-dependent binding of certain fluorescent aryl sulfonamide inhibitors could be used with apocarbonic anhydrase II to transduce the level of free zinc as a change in the fluorescence of the inhibitor. While inhibitors such as dansylamide, ABD-M, and ABD-N made possible quantitation of free zinc in the picomolar range with high selectivity, they have only modest absorbance which limits their utility. We describe here the synthesis and properties of two new probes, Dapoxyl sulfonamide and BTCS, and their use in zinc biosensing. Dapoxyl sulfonamide exhibits a dramatic increase and blue shift in its emission upon binding to holocarbonic anhydrase II, as well as a 20-fold increase in lifetime: it is thus well suited for quantitating free Zn(II) down to picomolar ranges. The anisotropy of BTCS increases fivefold upon binding to the holoprotein, making this probe well suited for anisotropy-based determination of zinc. BTCS and ABD-N are efficiently excited with two photon excitation using 1.5 ps pulses from a titanium sapphire laser, and exhibit the increased zinc-dependent anisotropy response anticipated on the basis of photoselection.