A role for Lin28 in primordial germ-cell development and germ-cell malignancy

Open Access
Publisher Website
Google Scholar
Abstract
An RNA interference screen of 30 gene candidates has identified Lin28, a negative regulator of let-7 microRNA processing, as a potentially key regulator of primordial germ cell development, the process in the developing embryo that selects the cells destined to produce sperm and eggs. In addition, Lin28 levels are elevated in primary human germ cell tumours, suggesting that it may also be implicated in germ cell malignancy. In order to investigate the earliest molecular mechanisms of germ cell specification, mouse embryonic stem cells were differentiated into putative primordial germ cells (PGCs) in vitro. The use of inhibitory RNAs to then screen candidate genes for effects on the development of these cells demonstrates a genetic pathway for PGC specification involving Lin28, a negative regulator of let-7 microRNA processing. The rarity and inaccessibility of the earliest primordial germ cells (PGCs) in the mouse embryo thwart efforts to investigate molecular mechanisms of germ-cell specification. stella (also called Dppa3) marks the rare founder population of the germ lineage1,2. Here we differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells carrying a stella transgenic reporter into putative PGCs in vitro. The Stella+ cells possess a transcriptional profile similar to embryo-derived PGCs, and like their counterparts in vivo, lose imprints in a time-dependent manner. Using inhibitory RNAs to screen candidate genes for effects on the development of Stella+ cells in vitro, we discovered that Lin28, a negative regulator of let-7 microRNA processing3,4,5,6, is essential for proper PGC development. Furthermore, we show that Blimp1 (also called Prdm1), a let-7 target and a master regulator of PGC specification7,8,9, can rescue the effect of Lin28 deficiency during PGC development, thereby establishing a mechanism of action for Lin28 during PGC specification. Overexpression of Lin28 promotes formation of Stella+ cells in vitro and PGCs in chimaeric embryos, and is associated with human germ-cell tumours. The differentiation of putative PGCs from embryonic stem cells in vitro recapitulates the early stages of gamete development in vivo, and provides an accessible system for discovering novel genes involved in germ-cell development and malignancy.