Resonance in Sterically Hindered Aromatic Molecules

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Abstract
Many aromatic molecules, typical of which are the triphenylmethyl radical and cis‐stilbene, cannot have the planar structure which would maximize the resonance energy, because of steric hindrance. A semiempirical method of treating such molecules has been developed. It is assumed that the primary effect of the steric strain is to rotate the phenyl groups out of the plane of the molecule. The resulting reduction in resonance energy is estimated using the valence‐bond method. The steric interaction energies are calculated using a method of Eyring, based on the ``perfect pairing approximation'' of valence bond theory. A plot of the sum of these two energies vs twist angle gives the equilibrium configuration, and the effective resonance energy of the molecule. The triphenylmethyl radical has a predicted twist angle of 32°, and is stabilized partly by its resonance energy and partly by steric strain in hexaphenylethane. The theoretical twist angle for the free radical di‐p‐anisyl nitric oxide is 25°, as compared with an experimental result of 33°. A close balance between steric strain and resonance in biphenyl leads to virtually free rotation about the central bond. Finally, it is shown that steric hindrance accounts for the energy difference between the cis‐ and trans‐isomers of stilbene and azobenzene.

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