The effect on the polarisation and piezoelectricity of triglycine sulphate crystals of doping with some divalent and trivalent ions

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Abstract
The polarisation, coercive field, piezoelectricity and electromechanical coupling coefficient for pure and doped single crystals of triglycine sulphate are investigated in the temperature range 77-325 K. The influence of the divalent ions Ni2+, Cu2+ and Co2+ and the trivalent ions Cr3+ and Fe3+ on the phase transition temperature, the hysteresis loops of polarisation and the second coefficient in the expansion of the free energy in powers of polarisation is examined. The temperature dependence of the spontaneous polarisation and coercive field and the piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients are studied, and the results are compared. The existence of a new ferroelectric phase transition in the low-temperature range is also discussed.