Echocardiographic Detection of Flail Left Atrioventricular Valve Cusp From Ruptured Chordae Tendineae in 4 Dogs

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Abstract
Echocardiography was used to identify a flail left atrioventricular valve cusp caused by ruptured chordae tendineae in each of 4 dogs; two-dimensional echocardiography was superior to M-mode echocardiography in identifying the flail cusps. The following findings on two-dimensional imaging were characteristic: the tip of the flail cusp extended beyond the line of left atrioventricular valve cusp closure and pointed toward the left atrium in systole; the tip was thrust into the left ventricle, and then toward the left ventricular outflow tract in diastole, forming a convex surface to the cusp, which faced toward the left ventricle. The flail motion of the left atrioventricular valve cusp was best observed in the right parasternal long axis or left apical four-chamber views, in a plane parallel to the long axis of the left ventricle and left atrium. Rupture of chordae tendineae leading to flail cusp was attributed to chronic valve degeneration (endocardiosis) in all 4 dogs. Echocardiographic or clinical diagnoses were confirmed by postmortem gross and microscopic studies in all dogs.