Dissemination of thestrA‐strBstreptomycin‐resistance genes among commensal and pathogenic bacteria from humans, animals, and plants

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Abstract
Gene transfer within bacterial communities has been recognized as a major contributor in the recent evolution of antibiotic resistance on a global scale. The linkedstrA‐strBgenes, which encode streptomycin‐inactivating enzymes, are distributed worldwide and confer streptomycin resistance in at least 17 genera of gram‐negative bacteria. Nucleotide sequence analyses suggest thatstrA‐strBhave been recently disseminated. In bacterial isolates from humans and animals,strA‐strBare often linked with thesulIIsulfonamide‐resistance gene and are encoded on broad‐host‐range nonconjugative plasmids. In bacterial isolates from plants,strA‐strBare encoded on the Tn3‐type transposon Tn5393 which is generally borne on conjugative plasmids. The wide distribution of thestrA‐strBgenes in the environment suggests that gene transfer events between human, animal, and plant‐associated bacteria have occurred. Although the usage of streptomycin in clinical medicine and animal husbandry has diminished, the persistence ofstrA‐strBin bacterial populations implies that factors other than direct antibiotic selection are involved in maintenance of these genes.