Defects in failed stems of hip prostheses

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Abstract
A study has been made of the fractures and associated material from 34 prostheses broken in service. All the fractures appear to be of the fatigue type. Search by me-tallographic analysis for cracklike generating defects in material near the fracture reveals such conditions as abnormally coarse crystals, large nonmetallic inclusions, large inclusion population, undissolved master alloy particles, abnormal carbide segregation, interdendritic segregation, shrinkage, and gas porosity. Recommendations are made for the choice of metallic alloys for femoral stem application.