Ideal transformers and guage transformations in lumped network models of electromagnetic fields

Abstract
Lumped networks can provide useful models for field computation because of the physical insight they give to the engineer. Kron's network for electromagnetic fields in three space dimensions, however, has the apparent inconvenience of including ideal transformers. This theoretical paper shows that difficulties caused by these unwieldy components can be easily avoided and discusses the role of the transformers in the light of gauge transformations.