Highly Precise Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography for the Evaluation of Bone Density, Loss of Bone Density and Structures

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Abstract
The importance of serial examinations over time with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) is that they enable the detection of patients at high risk of osteoporosis, and the individualisation of prophylaxis and treatment. We have shown that postmenopausal patients with high bone turnover evaluated by biochemical markers are identical to fast bone losers as determined by pQCT. As a consequence, we use agents that inhibit bone resorption in patients who are fast bone losers and agents that stimulate bone formation in patients who are slow bone losers. To visualise bone microarchitecture, and to evaluate bone density and the rate of bone loss, we used a highly sensitive pQCT system (DENSISCAN 1000, reproducibility of 0.3% in a mixed population of normal individuals and patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis). This system enabled us to separately assess trabecular and cortical bone density in the radius and tibia, and to differentiate between fast and slow bone losers within a few months (threshold: 3% loss of trabecular bone density in the radius per year). We have shown that the lower the trabecular bone density in the distal radius, the higher the relative bone loss. To classify patients as slow and fast losers in the future, we may need only one measurement. With this highly precise measurement method, we have shown that calcitonin and etidronate are more effective in fast than in slow bone losers, and that vitamin D metabolites (calcitriol or 1 α-calcidol) and estrogens can halt fast bone loss. In conclusion, highly sensitive pQCT enables us to adapt the treatment to different forms of osteoporosis and bone turnover, resulting in an increase in the number of patients successfully treated and also in patient compliance. Because our treatment is based on precise, objective measurements, treatment modifications — especially in those who change from a slow to a fast bone-loser state — can be easily justified.