Positional isotopic analysis of13C-labelled glucose by mass spectrometry: Applications to the study of gluconeogenesis in liver cells

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Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to ascertain whether mass spectrometric analysis of glucose allows determination in small samples (0.01 nmol) of the sites and the extent of labelling of glucose produced by isolated liver cells from various gluconeogenic labelled precursors. The electron impact spectrum of the methyloxime pentatrimethylsilyl derivative of natural glucose affords fragment ions retaining specific carbon atoms, i.e. 1–2 (m/z 160), 1–2–3 (m/z 262), 3–4–5–6 (m/z 319), 4–5–6 (m/z 217), 5–6 (m/z 205), 6 (m/z 103). The mass fragmentography analysis of the same derivative of commercially available labelled glucose molecules (1‐13C, 6‐13C, 2‐2H, 3‐2H, 6,6‐2H2) permitted evaluation of the degree of specificity of these fragment ions, and development of a calculation method for isotope incorporation. Using this methodology we found that incubation of hepatocytes with (2‐13C)glycerol, (1,3‐13C)glycerol or NaH13CO3 plus pyruvate or lactate produced (2,5‐13C)glucose, (1,3,4,6‐13C) glucose or (3,4‐13C)glucose, respectively. The extent of labelling was measurable on individual carbon of the glucose molecule except for carbon 1. The lowest enrichment detectable on carbon 1–3 or 3 was found to be 0.5%. In conclusion, gas chromatography mass spectrometry is a reliable method for positional isotopic anlysis of 13C‐labelled glucose, and appears useful in the study of the gluconeogenic pathway.